Chemistry for You: Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

This Class 12 Chemistry Index page contains all the topics that fall under each chapter of the class 12 chemistry syllabus as per the NCERT textbook. Students may follow the links on the subtopics to access free study material on the associated concepts (prepared by chemistry subject experts for CBSE students). Furthermore, an overview of all the chapters and topics in the CBSE class 12 chemistry textbooks can also prove useful while crafting a preparation strategy for the CBSE board examination and other competitive examinations.

Unit 1 – The Solid State

1.1 General Characteristics of Solid State
1.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids
1.4 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
1.5 Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
1.6 Close Packed Structures
1.7 Packing Efficiency
1.8 Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
1.9 Imperfections in Solids
1.10 Electrical Properties
1.11 Magnetic Properties

Unit 2 – Solutions

2.1 Types of Solutions
2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions
2.3 Solubility
2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
2.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses

Unit 3 – Electrochemistry

3.1 Electrochemical Cells
3.2 Galvanic Cells
3.3 Nernst Equation
3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
3.6 Batteries
3.7 Fuel Cells
3.8 Corrosion

Unit 4 – Chemical Kinetics

4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
4.3 Integrated Rate Equations
4.4 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
4.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

Unit 5 – Surface Chemistry

5.1 Adsorption
5.2 Catalysis
5.3 Colloids
5.4 Classification of Colloids
5.5 Emulsions
5.6 Colloids Around Us

Unit 6 – General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

6.1 Occurrence of Metals
6.2 Concentration of Ores
6.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
6.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
6.5 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
6.6 Oxidation and Reduction
6.7 Refining
6.8 Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

Unit 7 – The p-Block Elements

7.1 Group 15 Elements
7.2 Dinitrogen
7.3 Ammonia
7.4 Oxides of Nitrogen
7.5 Nitric Acid
7.6 Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms
7.7 Phosphine
7.8 Phosphorus Halides
7.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorus
7.10 Group 16 Elements
7.11 Dioxygen
7.12 Simple Oxides
7.13 Ozone
7.14 Sulphur – Allotropic Forms
7.15 Sulphur Dioxide
7.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur
7.17 Sulphuric Acid
7.18 Group 17 Elements
7.19 Chlorine
7.20 Hydrogen Chloride
7.21 Oxoacids of Halogens
7.22 Interhalogen Compounds
7.23 Group 18 Elements

Unit 8 – The d-and f-Block Elements

8.1 Position in the Periodic Table
8.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
8.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)
8.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
8.5 The Lanthanoids
8.6 The Actinoids
8.7 Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements

Unit 9 – Coordination Compounds

9.1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
9.2 Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
9.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
9.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
9.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds
9.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
9.7 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

Unit 10 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

10.1 Classification
10.2 Nomenclature
10.3 Nature of C–X Bond
10.4 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
10.5 Preparation of Haloarenes
10.6 Physical Properties
10.7 Chemical Reactions
10.8 Polyhalogen Compounds

Unit 11 – Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

11.1 Classification
11.2 Nomenclature
11.3 Structures of Functional Groups
11.4 Alcohols and Phenols
11.5 Some Commercially Important Alcohols
11.6 Ethers

Unit 12 – Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

12.1 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
12.2 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
12.3 Physical Properties
12.4 Chemical Reactions
12.5 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
12.6 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
12.7 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
12.8 Physical Properties
12.9 Chemical Reactions
12.10 Uses of Carboxylic Acids

Unit 13 – Amines

13.1 Structure of Amines
13.2 Classification
13.3 Nomenclature
13.4 Preparation of Amines
13.5 Physical Properties
13.6 Chemical Reactions
13.7 Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
13.8 Physical Properties
13.9 Chemical Reactions
13.10 Importance of Diazonium Salts in the Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

Unit 14 – Biomolecules

14.1 Carbohydrates
14.2 Proteins
14.3 Enzymes
14.4 Vitamins
14.5 Nucleic Acids
14.6 Hormones

Unit 15 – Polymers

15.1 Classification of Polymers
15.2 Types of Polymerisation Reactions
15.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers
15.4 Biodegradable Polymers
15.5 Polymers of Commercial Importance

Unit 16 – Chemistry in Everyday Life

16.1 Drugs and their Classification
16.2 Drug-Target Interaction
16.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
16.4 Chemicals in Food
16.5 Cleansing Agents

Course Structure and Chemistry Syllabus for Class 12

Course Structure and Chemistry Syllabus for Class 12

Science students whether PCM or PCB are advised to study the latest CBSE Chemistry syllabus class 12 thoroughly. All the units and topics mentioned in each unit are available in class 12 Chemistry textbook issued by NCERT.

Unit I Solutions

Types of Solutions
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Solubility: Solid in a Liquid, Gas in a Liquid
Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions: Liquid-liquid Solutions, Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law, Solutions of Solids in Liquids
Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure, Elevation of Boiling Point, Depression of Freezing Point, Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure, Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
Abnormal Molar Masses

Unit II Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Cells
Galvanic Cells: Measurement of Electrode Potential
Nernst Equation: Equilibrium Constant from the Nernst Equation, Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions: Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions, Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Products of Electrolysis
Batteries: Primary Batteries, Secondary Batteries
Fuel Cells
Corrosion

Unit III Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a Chemical Chemical Reaction Reaction
Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction Rate of a Reaction: Dependence of Rate on Concentration, Rate Expression and Rate Constant, Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction
Integrated Rate Equations: Zero Order Reactions, First Order Reactions, Half-Life of a Reaction
Pseudo First Order Reaction Reaction
Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction: Effect of Catalyst
Collision Theory of Chemical Chemical Reactions

Unit IV Surface Chemistry

Adsorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption, Mechanism of Adsorption, Types of Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption from Solution Phase, Applications of Adsorption
Catalysis: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis, Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Shape-selective Catalysis by Zeolites, Enzyme Catalysis, Catalysts in Industry
Colloids
Classification of Colloids based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium, Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium, Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids
Preparation of Colloids
Purification of Colloidal Solutions
Properties of Colloidal Solutions
Emulsions
Colloids Around Us Around Us

Unit V General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Occurrence of Occurrence of Metals
Concentration of Ores: Hydraulic Washing, Magnetic Separation, Froth Floatation Method, Leaching
Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy and Applications
Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
Oxidation-Reduction
Refining: Distillation, Liquification, Electrolytic Refining, Zone Refining, Vapour Phase Refining, Chromatographic Methods
Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

Unit VI p-Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties
Dinitrogen
Ammonia
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitric Acid
Phosphorus-allotropic Forms
Phosphine Phosphine
Phosphorus Halides: Phosphorus Trichloride, Phosphorus Pentachloride
Oxoacids of Phosphorus
Group 16 Elements: Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties
Dioxygen
Simple Oxides
Ozone
Sulphur – Allotropic Forms
Sulphur Dioxide
Oxoacids of Sulphur
Sulphuric Acid
Group 17 Elements: Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties
Chlorine
Hydrogen Chloride
Oxoacids of Halogens
Interhalogen Compounds
Group 18 Elements: Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy

Unit VII d -and f-Block Elements

Transition Elements (d-Block)

Position in the Periodic Table
Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
General Properties of the Transition Elements: Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in the M3+/M2+ Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EV Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation
Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements: Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals

Inner Transition Elements (f-Block)

Lanthanoids: Electronic Configurations, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics
Actinoids: Electronic Configurations, Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids
Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements

Unit VIII Coordination Compounds

Wener’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds: Coordination Entity, Central Atom/ion, Ligands, Coordination Number, Coordination Sphere, Coordination Polyhedron, Oxidation Number of Central Atom, Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds: Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities, Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds: Geometric Isomerism, Optical Isomerism, Linkage Isomerism, Coordination Isomerism, Ionisation Isomerism, Solvate Isomerism
Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Valence Bond Theory, Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds, Limitations of Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory, Colour in Coordination Compounds, Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
Stability of Coordination Compounds
Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

Unit IX Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification: Number of Halogen Atoms, Compounds Containing sp3 C—X Bond (X= F, Cl, Br, I), Compounds Containing sp2 C—X Bond
Nomenclature
Nature of C-X Bond
Methods of Preparation: From Alcohols and Hydrocarbons, Halogen Exchange
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions: Reactions of Haloalkanes, Reactions of Haloarenes
Polyhalogen Compounds: Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride), Trichloromethane (Chloroform), Triiodomethane (Iodoform), Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride), Freons, p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

Unit X Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Classification: Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric Compounds, Ethers
Nomenclature
Structure of Functional Groups
Alcohols and Phenols: Preparation of Alcohols (from Carbonyl Compounds and Grignard reagents, Preparation of Phenols (from Haloarenes, Benzenesulphonic acid, Diazonium Salts and Cumene), Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions (involving cleavage of O–H bond, carbon-oxygen (C–O) bond in alcohols), Reactions of Phenols
Some Commercially Important Alcohols: Methanol and Ethanol
Ethers: Preparation of Ethers (by Dehydration of Alcohols and Williamson Synthesis), Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions (Cleavage of C–O bond in Ethers and Electrophilic Substitution)

Unit XI Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

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Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones: Preparation of Aldehydes, Preparation of Ketones
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to α-hydrogen, Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: From Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes, Alkylbenzenes, Nitriles and Amides, Grignard Reagents, Acyl Halides and Anhydrides, Esters
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions: Reactions Involving Cleavage of O–H Bond, Reactions Involving Cleavage of C–OH Bond, Reactions Involving –COOH Group, Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
Uses of Carboxylic Acids

Unit XII Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines

Structure, Classification and Nomenclature of Amines
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, Ammonolysis of alkyl halides, Reduction of nitriles, Reduction of amides, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Electrophilic Substitution

Diazonium Salts

Methods of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
Physical Properties
Chemical Reactions: Reactions involving Displacement of Nitrogen and Retention of Diazo Group
Importance of Diazonium Salts in the Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

Unit XIII Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Classification, Monosaccharides, Preparation and Structure of Glucose, Cyclic Structure of Glucose, Structure of Fructose, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Importance of Carbohydrates
Proteins: Amino Acids (Classification), Structure and Denaturation of Protein
Enzymes: Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Vitamins: Classification
Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition, Structure and Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

Unit XIV Polymers

Classification of Polymers based on Source, Structure of Polymers, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces, Growth Polymerisation
Types of Polymerisation: Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation, Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation, Copolymerisation, Rubber
Molecular Mass of Polymers
Biodegradable Polymers
Polymers of Commerical Importance

Unit XV Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and their Classification
Drug-target Interaction: Enzymes as Drug Targets, Receptors as Drug Targets
Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs, Antimicrobials, Antifertility Drugs
Chemicals in Food: Artificial Sweetening Agents, Food Preservatives
Cleansing Agents: Soaps, Synthetic Detergents

Saturday, August 19, 2023

Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

Class 12 Chemistry Index